The establishment of Makkah:
The history and building of Makkah is directly connected to Prophet Ibraheem as he was the first person to settle his family in it when he left his wife Hajar and his son Isma’eel there in compliance with the command of Allah for him to do so.
Imam Al-Bukhari reported on the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas in the long narration in which the Prophet informed us that Ibraheem once came with his wife Haajar and his son Isma’eel who was still a suckling infant, from ancient Syria to Makkah. At that time, Makkah had no water and nobody residing in it. Ibraheem took them both under the shade of a tree and left with them a bag of dates and a flask of water, then headed back to ancient Syria. As he was leaving, his wife Hajar called to him, saying: “Where are you going? How can you leave us in this deserted valley that has neither humans nor anything else (in terms of life)?” She repeated this a few times but he did not reply, so she asked: “Did Allah command you to do this?” Ibraheem replied: “Yes” Thereupon she said: “Then He shall never forsake us”.
Ibraheem walked for a while and then stood upon a small hill, raised his hands in supplication, and said, as Allah informs us saying (what means): “Our Lord! I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House, our Lord, that they may establish prayer. So make hearts among the people incline toward them and provide for them from the fruits that they might be grateful.” [Quran 14:37]
Allah blessed Hajar and her son with the well of Zamzam, and then people came from all directions and resided in Makkah. The first tribe to reside there was the tribe of Jurhum among whom Isma’eel grew up and from whom he married.
Ibraheem came many times to Makkah to check upon their condition, and later Allah commanded him to build the Ka’bah; Allah says (what means): “And [mention] when Ibraheem (Abraham) was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Isma’eel (Ishmael), [saying]: 'Our Lord! Accept [this] from us. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing.'” [Quran 2:127]
Allah also says (what means): “And [O Muhammad], when We designated for Ibraheem (Abraham) the site of the House, [saying] “Do not associate anything with Me and purify My House for those who perform Tawaf (circumambulation of the Ka’bah) and those who stand [in prayer] and those who bow and prostrate.” [Quran 22:26]
Ibn Katheer said commenting upon this verse in his famous book of history entitled “The Beginning and the End” in Volume 1, page 135: “There is no authentic report from the infallible (i.e. Prophet Muhammad ) informing us that the House (the Ka’bah) was built before Ibraheem and whoever states that, relying upon this verse (for evidence of that), has no basis for such a claim because what is meant by the verse is that he was simply being informed of where the House was to be built.” In Volume 2 page 227 of the same book, he said: “The verses of the Qur’an clearly indicate that Ibraheem was the first person to build it.”
“The Aqsa mosque (in Abu Tharr narrated: “I asked the messenger of Allah: `O messenger of Allah! Which mosque was the first built on earth?` He replied: “The Sacred Mosque (in Makkah)” “I then asked: ` Which mosque was built next?` He said:
Jerusalem).” “Thereupon, I asked: `What was the period between the building of the two mosques?` He replied: “Forty years.”" [Al-Bukhari]
These reports clearly highlight the virtue of Prophet Ibraheem and confirm that he was the one who built the two mosques, and that the period between the two was forty years.
Therefore, it becomes evident that the first thing to be established in Makkah was the Sacred Mosque (i.e. the Ka’bah), and that the first water to gush forth from it was Zamzam.
Thereafter, the offspring of Isma’eel multiplied in the area of Hijaz (the province in which Makkah lies) and its surroundings, and their families succeeded each other in caring for the Sacred House and maintaining it for a long period of time, until the tribe of Khuzaa’ah took over this responsibility. People remained upon the monotheism with which Prophet Ibraheem came until the time when, ‘Amr bin Lahy Al-Khuza’i introduced idol worshipping in the Ka’bah.
The number of idols then increased in the Ka’bah and this phenomena spread all around the Arabian Peninsula to the extent that the number of idols in the Ka’bah reached three hundred and sixty, as stated by Al-Kalbi in his book “The Idols”.
Due to numerous wars and tribal struggles, the well of Zamzam was buried and people could no longer find it. Qusay bin Kilab, a great-grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad forcefully took over the custody of caring for the Sacred House and maintaining it from the tribe of Khuza’ah, as it had abused its authority. Qusay gathered the scattered families of the Quraysh tribe, relocated them in Makkah, and restored the sanctity of Makkah, which had been lost due to Khuza’ah's misuse of authority and because some of the Quraysh tribe had been placed in the surrounding areas of Makkah in order to protect it.
This marked the beginning of an authority that glorified Makkah and which freely offered all types of services to its visitors, such as food, water and the cleaning and maintaining of the Ka’bah.
After ‘Abdul-Muttalib saw a dream in which he saw the exact spot of the buried well of Zamzam, he had the area dug up and restored the well. Thus, the well of Zamzam once again became the source of water to the pilgrims and visitors, as well as to the residents of Makkah.
After this, a grave event took place during the time of ‘Abdul-Muttalib when Abrahah the Ethiopian headed towards Makkah riding a huge elephant in order to demolish the Ka’bah. This is why that year came to be known as “The Year of the Elephant”, during which the Prophet was born.
A city with such a magnificent history is worthy of having such an exalted status and should, therefore, be glorified and honoured. It deserves to occupy a special place in the hearts of its residents, as well as the Muslims in general.
