Kimiyya ta sami babban ci gaba da nasarori a cikin ƙwayoyin jini tun daga ƙarni na 21. Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi jerin gwanon tare da tsara kwayoyin halittar fiye da 2800 halittu / jinsuna ciki har da na mutum, kuma yawan yana kisa. [1]

Macroe juyin halitta ka'idar juyin halitta ya gaya mana cewa mutane, da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan rayuwa sun samo asali daga tsararren kwayoyin halittu wadanda suka fada a karkashin mulkin prokaryotes ko ma farkonsu. [2] Prokaryotes kwayar halitta ce da ba ta da kwayar halitta ta gaskiya saboda kwayar halittarsu ba ta kunshe a cikin membrane kuma ba ta bambanta da sauran tantanin halitta. Su ne farkon rayuwan farko da rayuwar rayuwa a duniya. [3] Shin akwai damar wannan juyin halitta ya faru daga kwayar halitta mai sauki, kwayar halitta zuwa jikin mutum yayin da muke duniya?

Kwayar halittar mutum [4] ta ƙunshi kimanin biliyan uku na sunadarai na nucleotide (A, C, T, da G). [5] Aƙalla tasoshin nucleotide miliyan 34 na asalin halittar jikin ɗan adam don samar da sunadarai waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga dukkan hanyoyin rayuwa. [6] Ana kiran wadannan nucleotides miliyan 34 da kwayoyin halittar jini. Sunadaran sunadaran amino acid ne. Kowane amino acid an sanya shi ta hanyar codeon, kuma kowane codon ya ƙunshi 3 nucleotides.

Kuna iya tunanin nucleotides azaman haruffan gidan haruffa 4, da kuma kalmomi azaman kalmomin tsawon haruffa 3.

Jerin wadannan nucleotides a cikin kwayoyin halittu shine abinda yake bayyana halaye da ayyukan halittar rayayyun halittu da yanayin sa; shin kwayar cuta ce, ko shuka, ko tashi, ko kifi, ko kuma ta mutane. Jerin wannan lambar a jikin kwayoyin halittar dan adam, da sauran kwayoyin, sunada inganci, daidai, kuma ingantaccen tsari ne wanda yake daidai da jerin lafuzza a cikin waƙar Shakespeare, labari, labari, shirin kwamfuta, ko kundin sani na kalmomi miliyan biyu (ko kundin 2).

Dangane da macroevolution, wannan madaidaicin jerin, lambar tantancewa, ya kasance ta hanyar maye gurbi [7] da zabin yanayi.

Matsakaicin

maye gurbi a cikin Zamanin Halifa Zamuyi kokarin ganowa a nan matsakaicin adadin maye gurbi wanda zai iya faruwa yayin tsufan duniya bisa jinkirin da zai fifita juyin halitta.

Matsakaicin adadin maye gurbi da kwayoyin halittar dan adam zasu iya sha yayin gudanar da shi daga juyin halitta guda daya zuwa ga mutum shine biliyan 3 a kowace tsara tunda wannan shine girman girman halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wannan wani mummunan zato ne da ra'ayin juyin halitta. A zahirin gaskiya, adadin maye gurbi ya kama tsakanin 0.003 zuwa 350 maye gurbinsu da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kowace tsara. [8]

Mafi guntun tsaran zamanin da aka bayar da labarin zuwa yau shine zamanin Pseudomonas natriegens, ƙwayar cuta ta marine tare da lokacin ƙarni na minti 9.8. [9] Koyaya, komawa zuwa ga mafi girman goyon baya ga juyin halitta, zamu iya ɗauka cewa muna samun sabon ƙarni kowane sakan na biyu. Don haka, a cikin lokacin duniya, [10] wanda yake kusan shekaru biliyan 15, [11] matsakaicin adadin tsararrakin da za a iya kaiwa ga:

Shekarun duniya a cikin shekaru × Kwanaki a kowace shekara × Sakanni a kowace rana

15 biliyan × 365 × 86400

wanda yayi daidai da ƙarancin 1018 (1 tare da zeros 18 bayan sa).

Lastarshen bayanan da ake buƙata don ƙididdige adadin adadin yiwuwar maye gurbi shine yawan waɗannan tsaran kwayoyin. Don wannan zamu ɗauka adadi mai yawa wanda ba ya barin wani wuri don ƙari; yawan kwayoyin zarra a cikin sararin samaniya da ake gani wadanda suke kusan 1082. [12]

Don haka, gwargwadon sakamakon da ya gabata da kuma zato mai karimci, matsakaicin adadin maye gurbi wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma lokacin shekarunta:

Maye gurbizu a cikin tsararraki × Tsararraki a cikin tsaran duniya × Yawan jama'a

biliyan 3 × 1018 × 1082

daidai yake da ƙasa da 10110 maye gurbi (1 tare da zeros 110 bayansa).

Yawan

Abubuwan Random da ake Bukata don Juyin Halittar Zuwa Ga mutum Halittar kwayoyin halittar dan adam sunada kusan nucleotides miliyan 34. [13]

Halittar halitta mafi girma a cikin kwayar halitta, mai tallar sel daya, prokaryotes, kusan kwayar nucleotides miliyan 13 ce. [14]

Don haka, akwai bambanci a kalla aƙalla nucleotides miliyan 21 tsakanin kwayoyin prokaryote da mutane. Kuma sel guda don canzawa zuwa cikin mutum, hanyar juyin halitta tana bukatar ta canza - wanda zai iya haɗawa da shigar da ƙasa - aƙalla nucleotide miliyan 21 tare da madaidaicin nucleotide kuma a madaidaiciyar tsari.

A kwayoyin, kowace amino acid - ginin ginin sunadarai wadanda suke da mahimmanci ga dukkan rayayyun tafiyar matakai - an sanya su ta hanyar 3 nucleotides, wanda ake kira codeon. Tsarin nucleotides miliyan 21 na nufin 7 miliyan Codons.

Mut maye gurbi yana da ɗayan sakamako uku: Matsakaici, Sharewa (cutarwa), ko amfani. Sauƙaƙe mai amfani kawai zai iya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin juyin halitta.

A cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, akwai amino acid daban-daban da lambar dakatarwa, [15] don haka, jimlar shine 21 [16] Duk wani maye gurbi zai haifar da ɗayan waɗannan amino acid 20 ko lambar hanawa. [17]

Saboda haka, kowane rikida ta fada a cikin kwayoyin halittar, yanki mai lamba na kwayoyin, [18] yana da damar kusan 1/21 na canzawar amino acid (watau lamba ɗaya don amino acid) kuma don haka kasancewa tsaka tsakin maye gurbi, da damar kusan 20/21 na canza amino acid. [19] 70% na waɗannan maye gurbin 20/21 sune maye gurbi (cutarwa) maye gurbi. [20] Koda yake, saboda juyin halitta, zamu ɗauka cewa duk maye gurbi dake canza amino acid suna da maye gurbi mai amfani. Don haka, kowane maye gurbi yana da damar kusan 20/21 na samun fa'ida. [21]

Don haka, yuwulan na adadin lambobi miliyan 7 don canzawa ba da izuwa tare da maye gurbi mai amfani:

Samun damar maye gurbi don

fa'ida ga ikon

ofididdigar yawan lambobi 20/21 zuwa ƙarfin miliyan 7 wanda yayi daidai da 1 zuwa 10100,000 (1 tare da 100,000 100,000 na bayan sa). [22]

Shin zabin yanayi na iya inganta yuwuwar maye gurbi a yanayinmu? Ba zai yiwu ba, tunda abin da zabin yanayi yake yi shine tabbatar da layin rayuwa tare da amfani ko maye gurbi mai amfani kuma don kawar da layi tare da maye gurbi. Zabin yanayi baya hana maye gurbi sake maye gurbin. Haka kuma, a yanayin mu, mun riga mun zaci cewa dukkan maye gurbi baya tsaka tsaki ne ko kuma yana da amfani, kuma mun yanke hukuncin maye gurbi mai cutarwa. Don haka, zabin yanayi ba zai iya yin wani amfani a wannan yanayin ba.

Kammalawa

Saboda haka, muna buƙatar fiye da 10100,000 (1 tare da 100,000 zeros a bayansa) bazuwar maye gurbi don faruwa ta yadda halittu masu sauƙin sel guda zasu iya zama ɗan adam, yayin da muke iya samun ƙasa da 10110 (1 tare da 110 zeros) bayan shi) rikida yayin rayuwar sararin samaniya, koda sararin samaniya mataki ne na wannan tsarin juyin halitta.

Dukkanin wadannan lissafin sun samo asali ne daga kwayoyin halittar dan adam - wanda yai kasa da 2% na kwayoyin - ba tare da yin la’akari da yankin takariyar da ke cinye kusan kashi 98% na kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ba, wanda kuma ya zama ba matsala. Kamfanin na Kasuwanci na ENCODE ya sami damar sanya ayyukan kwayoyin halittu ga 80% na kwayoyin halittar dan adam kuma ya gano cewa kusan kashi 20% daga cikin ne yake daidaita kwayoyin. Sakamakon aikin ENCODE na shekaru biyar an buga shi a cikin 2012 a cikin mujallolin Nature, Science, Genome Biology da Genome Research. [23] Masu bincike na ENCODE na 442 masu bincike, wanda ke a cikin cibiyoyi 32 a cikin duniya, sun yi amfani da shekaru 300 na lokacin kwamfuta da shekaru biyar a cikin lab don samun sakamakon su.

Fatan wannan binciken ya kasance da amfani wajen ba da wasu haske game da wannan mahimmin batun.